Transparência é um efeito que permite-nos ver por trás (!) de um objeto. No design, a transparência pode criar a ilusão de estar olhando para uma área maior do que ela aparenta.Quando feita feita corretamente, pode dar um toque elegante ao design.No Photoshop, este efeito é facilmente criado apenas diminuindo a opacidade ou o preenchimento,porém, na área de website é uma questão bem diferente.
Nos velhos tempos, a transparência era feita com o uso de imagens em .png, a qual tinha as suas deficiencias.
Um exemplo é o nosso famoso Internet Explorer 6, a transparência do .png era processada de um modo muito feio e isso era resolvido com o uso desse javascript, se tivéssemos uma pequena quantidade de transparências em nosso website, o uso deste javascript era um tanto desnecessário.
Outro problema é quando adicionamos uma nova imagem, nós iremos adicionar mais requisições HTTP para o navegador processar. Quando isso se junta a uma quantia grande de imagens, podemos diminuir drasticamente a performance do nosso site.
Há uma forma bem fácil de se criar transparência em um website, isto é, usando a propriedadeopacity do CSS. Ela foi oficialmente incluída no CSS3, mas o suporte a ela é maior do que as demais propriedades do CSS3 em geral. De acordo com o caniuse.com, essa propriedade já era suportada desde o Mozilla Firefox 2 e Google Chrome 4.
Agora um exemplo de opacity:
div{width:200px;height:200px;background-color:#fff;opacity:0.5;}
O resultado para o código acima será uma caixa com 0.5 ou 50% de transparência. Os valores utilizados variam entre 1 (100%) a 0 (0%).
Há algumas coisas que você precisa se lembrar ao aplicar a opacity. Esta propriedade irá afetartudo que estiver dentro deste elemento, por exemplo, você tem um texto dentro de um bloco, o texto também irá ficar com 50% de transparência.
A propósito, no Internet Explorer 8 e anteriores nós precisamos trocar opacity por filter, por exemplo filter: alpha(opacity=50);
Um outro modo que podemos utilizar se chama Canal Alpha do RGBa e HSLa (o qual é considerado a melhor prática que as duas anteriores). Diferente da opacity que afeta todos os elementos, o canal alpha afeta apenas a densidade da cor.
Vejamos um exemplo:
div{width:200px;height:200px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);}
Nós temos o bloco, mas agora mudamos a cor sólida do background-color para a função RGBa e diminuímos o canal alpa para 0.5. Com este códigos teremos um resultado similar ao do opacity, mas como o canal alpha afeta apenas a densidade da cor, os outros elementos permanecem normal (no caso 100% opacos).
Já com o HSLa funciona da mesma forma, porém os valores de cores são baseados emHue,Saturation e Lightness (Matiz, saturação e brilho). Se você já trabalha com Photoshop, a função das cores funciona da mesma forma que a janela abaixo, que fica em Image (Imagem) > Adjustment (Ajustes) > Hue/Saturation (Matiz/Saturação).
Como sempre, o Internet Explorer possui sua própria sintaxe para certas coisas. Como mencionei anteriormente, RGBa ou HSLa não irá funcionar no Internet Explorer (8 e anteriores).
div{width:200px;height:200px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);-ms-filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#80FFFFFF,endColorstr=#80FFFFFF);filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#80FFFFFF,endColorstr=#80FFFFFF);zoom:1;}
Ainda estamos mexendo com o mesmo bloco mas dessa vez adicionamos o filter e o -ms-filterpara o IE. Veja o hexadecimal #80FFFFFF, é a conversão do rgba(255,255,255,0.5) e para fazer com que as coisas pareçam simples, use esta ferramenta: Web-Color Convertor, assim ficará bem simples para converter RGBa e outros formatos para #RGBA.
Sendo curto e grosso, isso depende. Todos os métodos acima funcionam, mas cada website tem suas próprias limitações. Então cabe a você, como web developer e designer, qual é a prática que melhor se adapta ao seu website? Para ver mais algumas aplicações de opacidade confira abaixo alguns sites:
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